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Two of the most powerful tornadoes in 2011, occurred in Tuscaloosa, AL on April 27 th , and in Joplin, MO on May 22 nd . These tornadoes caused a significant amount of damage ($13 billion), and resulted in an estimated 175 fatalities. Despite decades of damage reports on violent tornadoes, little is known regarding the structural loading imposed on buildings by these events. However, non-engineered residential property suffered the worst damage as documented by two damage survey teams. The post-tornado damage surveys documented the structural performance of houses, and spatial distribution of residential damage within the tornado wind field. The data include damage observations from over 1600 homes that were assigned degrees of damage (DOD) ratings using the EF-Scale procedure. Publicly available information such as the age, construction materials and size of the homes were also collected. An analysis of the failure patterns was performed on the combined dataset to quantify the magnitudes and distributions of tornado loads on buildings, relating the damage to distance from the centerline of the tornado, orientation of the structure and variation along each tornado path. The study presents correlations among major failure mechanisms; i.e. between roof removal and ensuing wall collapse, and between roof sheathing loss and resulting failure of gable-end walls. The paper presents common failure patterns related to specific construction practices that increase the vulnerability of houses to tornadoes. These field studies and analyses are being used to inform the development of full-scale structural testing wall components with the goal of developing structural retrofits and improved design practices for tornado-resilient houses.

Residential Damage Patterns Following the 2011 Tuscaloosa, AL and Joplin, MO Tornadoes