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An electrochemical sensor with a glassy carbon electrode (GCE) decorated with a composite of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) and tungsten oxide (WO3) was prepared for the quantification of codeine. The crystal structure of the CNT-WO3 composite was characterized by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD) and the morphology by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). In comparison with bare GCE, WO3 modified GCE and CNT modified GCE, the CNT-WO3 composite modified GCE revealed a welldefined oxidation of codeine. Besides, the current response exhibited a remarkable enhancement during the oxidation process. The current response of codeine oxidation peak is linearly related with the codeine concentration ranging from 0.005 to 20 μM with the detection limit of 0.02 μM. The improved voltametric behaviour and long-time stability of the electrochemical sensor make it successfully applied for codeine determination in the medicament and human urine.

Electrochemical Detection of Codeine in Pharmaceutical Tablets Using a Tungsten Oxide Nanoparticles and Carbon Nanotubes Modified Electrode