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One of the most important environmental disturbances is thermal loading. There are three known sources of radiation in space environment: (1) direct solar, (2) earth solar reflection (albedo), and (3) direct earth (infrared). The effects of the last two are less significant for orbits higher than the LEO orbit. When a satellite goes through an eclipse, rapid temperature changes due to direct solar radiation are induced to the system. According to Thornton et. al., the solar heating experienced by a satellite can change up to 95%, dependent upon how long the transitions through the penumbra (partial Earth shadow) and umbra (full Earth shadow) takes (see Fig. 1). As a result, the torques and moments induced in the system can increase the jitter, corrupt the pointing accuracy of the spacecraft, and can cause spacecraft attitude problems, quasi-static deformations, unexpected thermal oscillations, and in some cases even thermal flutter or instability. Figure 2 shows the Solar Array Flight Experiment (SAFE) that had unexpected deflections after its transition thorough the Earth shadow. Some of the problems with solar radiation in space, such as thermally induced vibrations, thermal buckling, surface degradation, and thermal stress, are discussed by Graham, Kraus, and Schmit and Hanawaly.

Thermally Induced Oscillations of an Inflatable Space Structure with a Repeated Element Pattern