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Relapsing polychondritis (RPC) is an autoimmune disease characterized by the inflammation of cartilaginous tissues and other tissues rich in proteoglycan. Concomitant diseases, particularly myelodysplasia or systemic autoimmune disease, can be detected in one-third of the patients with RPC. Unlike adults, RPC in children is less often associated with other autoimmune diseases. The diagnosis of RPC is established using the McAdam criteria (1976) or Damiani criteria (1979). The basis of the pathogenesis of RPC is an autoimmune reaction, which is initially directed against cartilage and then spreads to non-cartilaginous tissues. One of the elements in the pathogenesis of RPC is the mechanical trauma of cartilage, resulting in the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor alpha, interferon-γ, interleukin-8, and macrophage inflammatory protein 1) and local inflammation followed by the formation of auto-antibodies in a patient with a genetic predisposition. In the treatment of RPC, steroids, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, and colchicine are used and, if these are ineffective, immunosuppressants are prescribed. The most effective anti-cytokine drugs used in the treatment of RPC are tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) inhibitors, IL-1 receptor antagonists, an inhibitor of the co-stimulatory pathway of T-lymphocyte activation, and monoclonal antibodies against the IL-6 receptor. Given the fact that management of these patients is very complex, the aim of the study is to review available data on pathogenetic mechanisms of biological agents in the management of relapsing polychondritis.

Pathogenetic mechanisms of biological agents in managing of relapsing polychondritis