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Patients and methods The study was performed with approval from the Bioethics Committee of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences, Poznań, Poland (No. 563/13). Each woman re‐ ceived detailed information about the project and provided informed consent before partici‐ pating in the study. A case control study was conducted in the De‐ partment of Perinatology and Gynecology of the Poznan University of Medical Sciences be‐ tween November 2014 and March 2016. We an‐ alyzed the following groups of women—preg‐ nant patients with preeclampsia (n = 16), those with CH (n = 13), and those with GH (n = 17). The control group consisted of 17 healthy, normo‐ tensive pregnant women. The compared groups were matched for the mother’s age, parity, pre‐ pregnancy body mass index, and gestational age at the time of recruitment into the study and blood collection. Hypertensive disorders were defined in accor‐ dance with the National High Blood Pressure Ed‐ ucation Program Working Group on High Blood Pressure in Pregnancy classification.4 The exclu‐ sion criteria for the control and study groups were systemic diseases related to endothelial dysfunc‐ tion (eg, kidney diseases, diabetes mellitus, ath‐ erosclerotic diseases, inflammatory/infectious Introduction There are numerous factors consid‐ ered to cause pregnancy ‐related hypertension, in‐ cluding genetic, immunological, environmental, and behavioral ones, as well as those related to endothelial dysfunction. The immune system can identify foreign anti‐ gens and eliminate them from the human body. In the case of immune control mechanism fail‐ ure, the immune system may be directed at a self‐ ‐antigen. More recent data have shown character‐ istic molecular targets of autoantibodies common in patients with preeclampsia and essential hy‐ pertension, potentially explaining how elevated autoantibody titers might contribute to hyper‐ tension. Wallukat and Schimke1 demonstrated the presence of autoantibodies against α1‐, β1‐, and β2 ‐adrenoreceptors (anti –α1 ‐ARs, anti –β1‐ ‐ARs, and anti –β2 ‐ARs, respectively) that bind to the second extracellular loop of receptors and are highly prevalent in the serum of hyperten‐ sive patients. It is well known that neoangiogenesis is a mul‐ tistep process closely associated with endothelial cell migration and proliferation.2 Stimulation of α1 ‐ARs localized in endothelial cells leads to neg‐ ative regulation of angiogenesis, whereas β2 ‐ARs stimulate neoangiogenesis. Moreover, in hyperten‐ sion characterized by the impairment of angiogen‐ esis, the α1 ‐AR tone is higher than that of β2 ‐ARs. 3

Association between the presence of autoantibodies against adrenoreceptors and hypertensive disorders in pregnancy: a pilot study