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The systematic modifications in the maternal thyroid hormones (THs) levels during pregnancy are needed to get a regular fetal and neonatal development (El-bakry et al., 2010; Ahmed, 2011, 2013, 2015, 2016a-c, 2017a-c & 2018a-c; Ahmed et al., 2008; 2010, 2012; 2015 a, b & 2018 a, b; Ahmed and Incerpi, 2013; Van Herck et al., 2013; Incerpi et al., 2014; Candelotti et al., 2015; De Vito et al., 2015; ElGhareeb et al., 2016; Ahmed and El-Gareib, 2017). Air pollution includes a complicated mixture of liquids, gases, and particulate matter (PM10, 2.5 or 0.1 mm) (Brook et al., 2004; Pope and Dockery, 2006; Sun et al., 2010). The other pollutants involve polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), nitric oxide (NO), and carbon monoxide (CO) (Zheng et al., 2016). In addition, the major sources of air pollutants are indoor cooking, motor vehicle emissions, construction and demolition actions, industrial combustions, and power plants (Lee et al., 2014). Tobacco smoking is an extra appropriate source of exposure to heavy metals includes lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) (MussaloRauhamaa et al., 1986; Marano et al., 2012). Inhalation of the polluted air is the chief pathway of exposure (PronczukGarbino, 2007). Thus, all humans are exposed to these pollutions in particular in lowand middle-income countries (Zheng et al., 2016).

The Maternal Thyroid Gland as A Sentinel Organ for A Development: Signs of The Possible Harm of Air Pollution in Development