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The waters of Shatt Al-Arab, may have originated from aquatic biogenic sources; i.e., diatoms, algal forms, bacterial activities, and higher plants. In the oil industry, water flooding or water injection is where water is injected into the reservoir. Water injection wells can be found on both onshore and offshore, to increase oil recovery from an existing reservoir, throughout supporting reservoir pressure (also known as void age replacement), and also to sweep or displace oil from the reservoir, pushing it towards the production wells. Normally only 30% of the oil in a reservoir can be extracted, but water injection increases that percentage (known as the recovery factor) and maintains the production rate of a reservoir over a longer period. Water injection involves drilling injection wells into a reservoir and introducing water into that reservoir to encourage oil production. While the injected water helps to increase depleted pressure within the reservoir, it also helps to move the oil in place, it is important that the water being injected works within the formation. Filtration and processing of the water that will be injected are sometimes necessary to ensure that no materials clog the pores and bacteria are not permitted to grow. Oxygen should be removed from the water to reduce any corrosion in surface facilities and subsurface tubing and casing. Surface water contains bacteria that can contaminate the water-treatment or injection systems. Because bacteria have the ability to multiply rapidly into colonies, they can cause plugging of surface and downhole equipment and injection-well formations, promote corrosion of surface piping and downhole tubular, and generate H2S that can cause pitting corrosion. Therefore, it is essential to develop means to control bacteria growth in surface-watertreatment system.

Effect of Temperature on the Water Injection Bacteria in Basrah Oilfields, Southern Iraq