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The Ethiopian economy is predominately dependent on agriculture (Shibru, 2007). It is the major source of employment, revenue, exports earning and livelihood existences. However, mismanagement and improper utilization of the natural resource bases are not only threatening the productive cap city of the land and its resource but also the socioeconomic setting of the country, especially the rural community. The impact of environmental degradation soil degradation, impairment of water retention capacity of forests and soils, the loss of biodiversity, and socioeconomic problems like the loss of income, poverty and the inequitable development among rural communities. Today the natural resources base (land, water forest, wildlife and biodiversity), which is the basis of Ethiopia’s economic development and food security is under intense pressure from population growth and inappropriate traditional farming and management practices. The livelihoods of the farming communities that provides over 85 percent of the total employment and foreign exchange earnings and approximately 47 percent of the GDP are facing severe constraints related to intensive cultivation, overgrazing and deforestation, soil erosion and soil fertility decline, water scarcity, shortage of livestock feed, and fuel wood crisis. These factors often interact with one another resulting in a reinforcing cycle of "poverty, food insecurity and natural resources degradation trap". This natural degradation triggered to social instability or conflict (Shibru, 2007).

Utilization of Natural Resources and Conflict? The Case of Choke Mountain Watersheds, East Gojjam, Ethiopia