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Resume : Auguste s’etait occupe lui-meme de forger l’image qu’il entendait laisser a la posterite en laissant des instructions sur le deroulement de ses funerailles et le gouvernement de l’empire, mais aussi en redigeant ses Res gestae . Jusqu’au regne de Neron, les empereurs Julio-Claudiens revendiquent leur parente avec le fondateur du Principat, car le sang d’Auguste legitime leur pouvoir. A partir de l’avenement de Vespasien, c’est davantage par leur comportement que les princes peuvent se reclamer d’Auguste, surtout quand ils pretendent fonder une dynastie. Dans le regime tetrarchique, le surnom Auguste devient l’equivalent d’un grade militaire exprimant la preseance des empereurs les plus anciens sur ceux qu’ils choisissent comme successeurs en leur conferant le surnom de Cesar. Si la reference augusteenne s’estompe sous certains regnes, sous celui de Trajan ou de Septime Severe, elle subsiste, y compris apres la conversion de Constantin au christianisme, revelant ainsi sa tres grande plasticite. Mots-cles : Empire romain, ville de Rome, culte imperial, Tetrarchie, Constantin, Theodose Ier, Virgile, Tacite, Pline le Jeune. Abstract : Augustus had taken care to forge the image by which he wanted posterity to remember him, not only in the form of his instructions for his funeral and for the government of the empire but also in his Res gestae . Until the reign of Nero, the Julio- Claudian emperors claimed their kinship to Augustus, because bearing the blood of the founder of the Principality legitimized their power. Starting from the Vespasian’s rise to power, princes claimed their kinship to Augustus was behavioural, especially when they set out to found a dynasty. Under the tetrarchical regime, the nickname Augustus became the equivalent of a military rank, expressing the precedence of the oldest emperors over those whom they chose as successors and who they nicknamed Caesar. Although the Augustus reference fades under certain reigns, it subsisted under Trajan or Septimius Severus, even after the conversion of Constantine to Christianity, thus revealing its very great flexibility. Key words : Roman Empire, city of Rome, imperial cult, Tetrarchy, Constantine, Theodosius, Virgil, Tacitus, Pliny the Younger.

L’image d’Auguste sous le règne de ses successeurs