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Plants form an integral part of human life. They have been usedChickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) the world’s second most important food legume, is globally cultivated on area of 13.20 million hectare with an annual production of 11.62 million tons. The global demand for chickpea in 2020 is projected to be 17.0 million tons [1]. In the Mediterranean area, sowing earlier or as autumn or spring cropping provides chickpea with a more durable growth season, efficient use of soil moisture and higher yield [2]. However, a lack of cold tolerant varieties causes yield losses in different chickpea areas. Many plants increase cold tolerance due to cold acclimation process that allows them to develop essential tolerance for cold stress survival through multiple levels of biochemical and cell biological changes. Cold stress affect many plant physiological and biochemical components and induces cascades of alterations in metabolic pathways, amongst them the membrane fatty acid compositions, the activity of antioxidative enzymes and the regulation of gene expression. Numerous investigations of different aspects of cold acclimation and in particular the recently developed methods of metabolomics profiling have detected changes in nearly all aspects of plant metabolism [3]. Temperature reduction affects membrane-linked processes due to its fluidity and permeability [4]. To assess changes in membrane solute and electrolyte leakage, malondialdehyde (MDA) content as the final product of lipid per-oxidation, lipoxygenases activity (LOX) as a responsible factor of membrane degradation and unsaturated fatty acid (UFAs) ratio compared to saturated (SFAs) ones as fluidity and stability preserving factor can demonstrate a reliable path to realize these processes.Further, membrane damage leads to the production of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which cause oxidative stress [5]. ROS affect many cellular functions by damaging carbohydrates, nucleic acids, oxidizing proteins, and causing lipid peroxidation [6]. However, cells are equipped with excellent defense mechanisms to detoxify the harmful effects of ROS [7]. Therefore studying the activity these antioxidants, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and guaiacol peroxidase (GPX) may help us to recognize this mechanism accurately. During stresses proline acts as cryoprotection, carbon and nitrogen storage, pH stabilizer, cell redox balancer and stress-related growth-regulating signal, so that plants with elevated proline levels have been reported to exhibit enhanced tolerance to abiotic stresses [8]. Changes in proline content can therefore be considered as an important factor in plant adaptation to abiotic stresses such as cold. The acclimation process also involves expression of diverse stressresponsive genes to maintain metabolic homeostasis during stress or to be able to re-establish subsequent to the stress period [5]. It thus seems necessary to examine the program at molecular, and particularly transcriptional level, surveying SOD, CAT, and LOX gene experiments. Furthermore, assessing rubisco and tubulin gene expression can be helpful in understanding the nature of the induced cold stress effect on plants. It is now well established that in vivo rubisco activity is rapidly regulated to control the flux through the photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle in response to fluctuations in the environment [9]. On the other hand, microtubules are key elements of the cytoskeleton and have recently come to appreciate for their role in signaling and regulation. They critical conduits for cellular trafficking and can serve as a template for the interaction of signaling proteins [10]. According to our studies cold acclimation has a positive effect on chickpea plants during long-term cold stress [11]. The productivity of food legumes such as chickpea are limited by multiple stresses like drought, however, the severity of these stresses in the field conditions is changeable. According to some experiments which were carried out for screening some of the drought tolerant Kabuli and Desi chickpea genotypes and characterization drought tolerance indices of some lines (28 of each them along with two check varieties of Kabuli and Desi chickpeas) in the Experimental site of the Department of Agronomy, University of Tehran, Karaj, Iran during February and August 2014. Two genotypes of Kabuli genotypes namely 101, 302, and Jam (check cultivar) were identified as tolerant

Ascochyta Blight Impact, Cold and Drought Stresses on Cicer arietinum L. Genotypes of Iran