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The Azuero howler monkey, Alouatta coibensis trabeata, and the Azuero spider monkey, Ateles geoffroyi azuerensis, are endemic to the Azuero Peninsula, southwestern Panama, Central America and they are considered Critically Endangered. They are threatened by deforestation, poaching, and illegal trade. I carried out population surveys of the two subspecies from April 2001 to June 2009. The study covered potential habitats for these primates in the three provinces where they are believed to occur (Herrera, Los Santos and part of Veraguas). Surveys determined their occurrence and locations in each province. In all, 7,821 hrs were spent in survey activities. I used four methods: 1) Direct observation of presence/absence; 2) triangulations based on vocalizations; 3) strip-transect censuses, and 4) road counts. Forty-five Azuero howler monkey groups were seen and counted, totaling 452 individuals with a mean of 9.6 individuals/group, SE ±3.3 (range = 3–26). I estimate approximately 322 howler groups and c. 3,092 individuals remaining in the wild in the three provinces. For the Azuero spider monkey, 74 individuals in 10 sub-groups and five complete groups were counted directly, with a mean of 3.8 individuals/subgroup, SE ±0.6 (range 2–7) and a mean of 12.5 individuals/group, SE ±3.7 (range 10–22). Overall, I confirmed the existence of approximately 13 spider monkey subgroups and 145 individuals of A. g. azuerensis remaining in the wild in the provinces of Veraguas and Los Santos. It is already extinct in the province of Herrera. This study confirms that both subspecies are Critically Endangered. Each appears to have already experienced changes in group composition due to isolation and habitat degradation. Conservation measures based on educational awareness programs have been initiated.

primate conservation

Population Size, Distribution and Conservation Status of Howler Monkeys (<i>Alouatta coibensis trabeata</i>) and Spider Monkeys (<i>Ateles geoffroyi azuerensis</i>) on the Azuero Peninsula, Panama

Population Size, Distribution and Conservation Status of Howler Monkeys (Alouatta coibensis trabeata) and Spider Monkeys (Ateles geoffroyi azuerensis) on the Azuero Peninsula, Panama