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Army ants have different intraand extranidal symbiotic associations with invertebrates and vertebrates (Gottwald, 1995). Vertebrates that feed on arthropods disturbed by the army ants include the anuran Bufo marinus; lizards such as Ameiva, Kentropyx, Anolis frenatus, and Tupinambis merianae; a large number of birds; and callitrichids (Willis and Oniki, 1978, 1992; Rylands et al., 1989; Martins, 2000; Melo Júnior and Zara, pers. observ.). The best studied associations between vertebrates and army ants in the Neotropical region are those between birds and ants. More than 50 species from the families Cuculidae, Cracidae, Dendrocolaptidae, Formicariidae, Thamnophilidae, Rallidae, Tinamidae and Thraupidae have been observed to follow army ants and to pick off arthropods flying or sitting on forest litter that was disturbed by the army ants Eciton burchelli and Labidus praedator (Willis and Oniki, 1978, 1992). According to Gottwald (1995), swarm-following birds have to compete with marmosets for this food resource stirred up by progressing army ants. However, marmosets only opportunistically exploit the arthropods flushed by swarms of E. burchelli and L. praedator (Rylands et al., 1989; Martins, 2000). These two army ant species present a similar broad swarm-raiding pattern (Teles da Silva, 1982; Rylands et al., 1989; Gottwald, 1995) that may cause higher prey disturbance in the forest litter than the columnar raiding pattern of Eciton hamatum (Teles da Silva, 1982).

neotropical primates

Black-Tufted-Ear Marmoset<i>Callithrix penicillata</i>(Primates: Callitrichidae) Following the Army Ant<i>Labidus praedator</i>(Formicidae: Ecitoninae) in the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, Brazil

Black-Tufted-Ear MarmosetCallithrix penicillata(Primates: Callitrichidae) Following the Army AntLabidus praedator(Formicidae: Ecitoninae) in the Cerrado and the Atlantic Forest, Brazil