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In order to prevent contamination in their argumentation, sociologists should distinguish between secularization, religious change, and church involvement. The concept of secularization should be restricted to the process of the growing independence o f institutional spheres, each developing its own rationale, which implies the rejection of the overarching claim o f religion. In studying this process in. Catholic "pillar structures" (hospitals and schools) in Belgium, we sought to answer the question, who are the "secularizers"? It seems that lay professionals, in the process o f developing a professional rationale, are the bearers o f the secular tendency: they determine the organizational structure o f the hospital or the school, they marginalize religion even within the Catholic pillar structure, and they reduce religion to the interpersonal level, making it a matter o f private preference. On the other hand, professionalization also undermines traditional Christian values and ethics. The dominant presence of lay professionals in Catholic pillar structures in Belgium was primarily caused by the process of democratization, the drop in religious vocations, and the increase o f religious resignations. The democratization process called for larger state subsidies for the schools, which brought on state regulation o f the professional qualifications of the teaching staff. We also noted some reactions on the level o f legitimations and in the elaboration o f statutes from the higher echelons o f the Catholic pillar structure.

Professionalization and secularization in the Belgian Catholic pillar