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Three systems (flow-through, static, and recirculating) for intensive culture of the Gulf killifish (Fundulus grandis) for bait were evaluated. The outdoor recirculating system proved most successful. Killifish maintained in this system attained an average weight of over 2.0 gm in 42 days, an acceptable market size. Whereas the solar-heated recirculating system sustained fish densities equivalent to l,000,000/ha and a survival rate of 86%, growth of killifish in this system was less than that observed in both the static and outdoor recirculating systems. Algae appeared to be an important nutntional component of the diet of juvenile killifish. Individuals of F. grandis fed diets supplemented with algae grew better than those maintained without them. INTRODUCTION The Gulf killifish Fundulus grandis Baird and Girard, is used extensively as a live bait along the northern Gulf of Mexico and supports a growing bait -industry (McIlwain 1977,TatumandHelton 1977, Tatumet al. 1978). However, supply of killifish-bait rarely meets the demand, especially during fall when the need is greatest (McIlwain 1977, Tatum et al. 1978). To fill this need, several attempts have been made to propagate killifish. Although the current and predominant method of rearing F. grandis is in earthen ponds (see Tatum et al. 1978), McIlwain (1977), based on limited experiments, suggested the feasibility of recirculating systems for killifish culture. Closed recirculating systems, in addition to providing some control over environmental parameters such as temperature, salinity, dissolved oxygen, and pH, require less space and aid in eliminating certain debilitating parasitic infections of killifish (see Solangi and Overstreet 1980, Solangi and Ogle 198 1). This paper reports results of several experiments on killifish culture in closed systems with preliminary observations on a solar-heated recirculating system that shows promise for the bait-fish industry. MATERIALS AND METHODS Laboratory-reared Fundulus grandis were obtained by stripping gravid male and female killifish collected from Halstead Bayou, Ocean Springs, Mississippi. Prior to experimentation, parasite-free fish were maintained in 60-1 aquaria in Instant Ocean@ at 25 "loo salinity and 24 ? 2°C temperature, and were fed daily ad libitum a ration of TetraMarin' Experiments were conducted to compare Manuscript received June 23,1981;accepted May 25, 1982. flow-through, static, and recirculating systems for killifish culture and determine the 'effects of various diets on growth of F. grandis. Unless otherwise noted, tests were conducted in duplicate, and experimental fish were fed ad libitum a ration o f Bama@ Minnow Chow. Growth was calculated by differences in weight tained, and statistical analyses on growth data were conducted using procedures of Campbell (1967).

gulf research reports

Evaluation of Flow-Through, Static, and Recirculating Systems for the Intensive Culture of the Gulf Killifish Fundulus grandis with Observations on a Solar-Heated Recirculating System for the Bait Industry