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Enthusiasm for the use of no-take marine protected areas (MPAs) as management tools for the protection and enhancement of coral reef fishes is widespread. However, evidence that such marine reserves actually enhance fishery yields is limited, primarily because of difficulties in quantifying the exchange of individuals—especially larvae—between local populations within and outside the protected area. Knowledge of the extent and spatial scale of this connectivity is of vital importance for the effective design and implementation of marine reserves intended as fishery management tools. We review our current understanding of connectivity among coral reef populations, including the role of important determining factors such as pelagic larval duration, larval behavior, and hydrodynamics. We also discuss artificial and natural tagging methods that potentially can be used to track movements of larvae between marine reserves and surrounding waters. To illustrate the application of such methods, we discuss ECONAR (Ecological CONnections Among Reefs), a new, regional-scale research project designed to measure the extent of connectivity among populations of coral reef fishes in the Mesoamerican Barrier Reef System. reefs), cannot be attributed to turning a “blind eye” to the problem. On the whole, resource management agencies have recognized that fisheries around the world are in trouble, and have responded with seemingly appropriate management plans implemented to remedy the situation. These attempts at management, however, have been largely unsuccessful, especially for reef systems (Plan Development Team 1990, Roberts and Polunin 1991, Bohnsack and Ault 1996, Roberts 1997b, Guenette et al. 1998, Russ 2002, Sale 2002). Reasons for the continued decline of reef fisheries around the world are numerous and include: 1) a reliance on inappropriate, traditional management approaches that pretend fishers exploit single targets, while having no impacts on the ecosystem that sustains those species, 2) a lack of ecological information pertinent to understanding species life histories, as well as reef fish population and community dynamics, 3) an inability to understand, predict, and therefore regulate human behavior, 4) a failure to integrate the diversity of skilled personnel (i.e., ecologists, physical oceanographers, and resource managers) necessary for the development of appropriate management plans, and 5) insufficient funds to collect monitoring data or to enforce imposed fishery regulations (Plan Development Team 1990, Roberts and Polunin 1991, Bohnsack and Ault 1996, Roberts 1997b, Guenette et al. 1998, Russ 2002, Sale 2002). Gulf and Caribbean Research Vol 14(2), 119–128, 2003 Manuscript received January 28, 2002; accepted July 21, 2002

The Extent and Spatial Scale of Connectivity Among Reef Fish Populations: Implications for Marine Protected Areas Designated for Fisheries Enhancement