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El glifosato es un herbicida de amplio espectro que se utiliza para el control de malezas en cultivos de interes agri- cola; genera la muerte del organismo blanco afectando su capacidad de sintetizar proteinas esenciales para la supervivencia. El glifosato inhibe la enzima 5 enolpiruvilshikimato- 3-fosfato sintasa que forma parte de la via metabolica de produccion de aminoacidos aromaticos, ya que se comporta como un analogo de un sustrato de dicha enzima. Se han presentado evidencias que indican que el glifosato y sus formulaciones comerciales generan situaciones de estres oxidativo en cianobacterias, microalgas y plantas superiores no blanco de este herbicida. Sin embargo, la verdadera dimension de la magnitud del efecto oxidativo generado por la exposicion al herbicida, aun es materia de deliberacion. El objetivo del presente trabajo es resumir la informacion disponible sobre el metabolismo y la participacion del estres oxidativo en la toxicidad del glifosato en sistemas biologicos. El conocimiento de los riesgos ambientales generados por el uso del glifosato ayudara a evitar danos irrecuperables tanto en plantas como en animales al emplear el herbicida.  ABSTRACT  Glyphosate is a broad-spectrum herbicide used for weed control in crops of agricultural interest. This herbicide causes the death of the target by affecting their ability to synthesize proteins essential for survival. The activity of the 5-enolpiruvilshikimato-3-phosphate synthase enzyme, which is part of the metabolic pathway for production of aromatic amino acids, is inhibited by the glyphosate that behaves as an analogue of the second substrate (phosphoenolpyruvate). There is evidence that indicate glyphosate (and its formulations) produce oxidative stress in cyanobacteria, microalgae and no-target higher plants. However, the true dimension of the magnitude of the oxidative effect generated by the exposure is still a matter of discussion. The objective of the present study is to summarize the available information on the metabolism and the involvement of oxidative stress in the toxicity of glyphosate on biological systems. Increasing the awareness of the environmental risks generated by the use of glyphosate will help to avoid unrecoverable damage to both, plants and animals during herbicide handling.

biotecnia

ACTUALIZACIÓN SOBRE ASPECTOS OXIDATIVOS DEL EFECTO DEL GLIFOSATO EN SISTEMAS BIOLÓGICOS/ AN UPDATE ON THE EFFECTS OF GLYPHOSATE ON THE OXIDATIVE STATE IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEMS