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The pathway of autophagy is conserved as a cellular response to starvation across eukaryotes [1]. Under conditions of nutrient limitation a novel double membrane organelle termed an autophagosome is formed that engulfs and delivers cytoplasmic material to the lysosomes for degradation and nutrient replenishment. Elaborations of this basic function include the autophagic elimination of aberrant intracellular membrane compartments and/or aggregated proteins via specific recognition systems [1]. Irrespective of whether the pathway targets nonspecifically cytoplasmic proteins for degradation or it specifically recognises and eliminates defined cargo, a commitment step is the de novo formation of an autophagosome. Two mutually exclusive models of autophagosome formation can be envisaged: either the structure forms in isolation in the cytosol or in association with a pre-existing intracellular membrane compartment. The first model has given rise to the dominant view when autophagosome formation is depicted in diagrams (i.e. as an isolated structure forming in vacuo) but we and others have never seen it happening inside cells during live imaging [2, 3]. Instead, autophagosomes form always in association with some pre-existing membrane, be it the ER, mitochondria, Golgi, endosomes or the plasma membrane. For a certain class of autophagosomes, association Commentary: Autophagy and Cell Death

Assembly of early machinery for autophagy induction: novel insights from high resolution microscopy