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Resume Pour faire l’etat des lieux du libre acces (LA) en France en 2012, dix ans apres la Budapest Open Access Initiative, nous avons examine les deux voies : la voie verte (l’auto-archivage) et la voie doree (publications dans les revues en LA). L’archive centrale multidisciplinaire HAL, creee en 2002 pour recevoir les publications scientifiques au niveau national, est reconnue pour sa qualite technique, mais elle ne propose que 10% a 15 % de la production scientifique annuelle francaise. Ce chiffre est a l’image de ce qu’offrent toutes les autres archives dans le monde ou il n’y a pas d’obligation de deposer (pas de mandat). Les archives qui ont un mandat comme celle de l’universite de Liege, ont atteint un taux de 80% en deux ans. Quelques archives institutionnelles se sont developpees en France parallelement a HAL, et deux d’entre elles (Archimer and OATAO) ont un bon taux de remplissage, grâce a l’implication d’un personnel dedie. Pour soutenir les offres editoriales en libre acces le Centre pour l'Edition electronique Ouverte (CLEO) a recemment mis en place OpenEdition Freemium. Cette initiative pourrait favoriser le developpement des revues en LA. Cependant, l’etude faite a partir des revues qualifiantes en Sciences Humaines et Sociales montre que les chercheurs sont peu encourages a publier dans ces revues par les instances d’evaluation : peu de revues en libre acces francaises sont presentes dans les listes des revues qualifiantes de l’agence d'evaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement superieur (AERES). On note aussi une forte disparite entre les disciplines. Differents exemples de politique en faveur du libre acces sont donnes : un politique forte peut etre menee par des universites, comme a l’universite de Liege, ou par des bailleurs de fonds, comme le FRS-FNRS en Belgique ou par l’Europe. Elle peut etre entreprise au niveau legislatif comme aux USA, au Bresil ou en Argentine. En France les deux voies du libre acces sont tracees par des initiatives interessantes. Le gouvernement francais devrait accompagner ces initiatives et devrait s’investir dans une politique forte pour recevoir rapidement les benefices du libre acces. Mots cles Libre acces, archives ouvertes, auto-archivage,  publications en libre acces, voie verte, voie doree, politique de la recherche, evaluation de la recherche, mandat Resumo Para verificar como esta o Acesso Livre (AL) na Franca em 2012, dez anos apos a Budapest Open Access Initiative, foram examinadas as duas vias: a via verde (auto-arquivamento) e a dourada (publicacao em periodicos em AL). O arquivo central multidisciplinar HAL, criado em 2002 para receber publicacoes cientificas em nivel nacional, e reconhecido por sua qualidade tecnica, mas ele apresenta apenas 10% a 15% da producao cientifica francesa anual. Este numero espelha o que oferecem todos os outros arquivos no mundo em que nao ha obrigacao de deposito (ou seja, nao ha mandato). Os arquivos com mandato, como o da Universidade de Liege, chegaram a uma taxa de 80% em dois anos. Alguns arquivos institucionais desenvolveram-se paralelamente ao HAL, e dois deles (Archimer et OATAO) mostram um bom indice de preenchimento, gracas a dedicacao das pessoas envolvidas. Para sustentar a oferta editorial em acesso livre, o Centre pour l'Edition electronique Ouverte (CLEO) implementou recentemente o OpenEdition Freemium. Essa iniciativa poderia favorecer o desenvolvimento dos periodicos em AL. No entanto, o estudo feito com os periodicos qualificados em Ciencias Humanas e Sociais mostra que os pesquisadores sao pouco estimulados a publicar nauqueles periodicos pelas instâncias avaliadoras: poucos periodicos franceses em acesso livre estao presentes nas listas de periodicos qualificados da agence d'evaluation de la recherche et de l'enseignement superieur (AERES) [1] . Nota-se tambem uma grande disparidade entre as disciplinas. Sao fornecidos diversos exemplos de politicas de certos paises em prol do acesso livre: uma politica robusta pode ser impolementada pelas universidades, como na Universidade de Liege, pelas agencias de fomento, como o FRS-FNRS na Belgica e os Research Councils na Gra Bretanha, e tambem pode ser empreendida no nivel legislativo, como nos Estados Unidos, no Brasil ou na Argentina. Na Franca, as duas vias do acesso livre sao tracadas por iniciativas interessantes. O governo frances deveria acompanhar essas iniciativas e desenvolver uma politica forte para obter rapidamente os beneficios do acesso livre. Palavras-chave Acesso livre, repositorios abertos, auto-arquivamento, publicacoes em acesso livre, via verde, via dourada, politica cientifica, avaliacao de pesquisa, mandato [1] Com funcoes semelhantes as da Capes.  N.do T. Abstract Ten years after the Budapest Open Access Initiative, we have examined the current situation of Open Access in France via the two open access (OA) roads: the Green (self-archiving) and the Gold (OA publishing). HAL, a central multidisciplinary French archive launched in 2002, is recognized for its technical quality, but 10 years after its creation it only includes 10 to 15% of the annual French scientific output. This figure is similar to other repositories worldwide for which there is no mandatory policy (no mandate). On the other hand, archives such as that of Liege University which has a mandate, achieved an 80% deposit rate within two years. Other than HAL, a number of institutional archives are being developed in France, with Archimer and OATAO being two successful examples, thanks to dedicated library staff. In order to support the editorial offer in open access the Centre pour l'Edition electronique Ouverte (CLEO) recently launched the Open Edition Freemium. This initiative should favor the development of OA periodicals. However, the study based on the list of qualifying periodicals in Human and Social Sciences, shows that researchers are not encouraged to publish in these periodicals by national assessment bodies; very few French open access periodicals are on the different qualifying lists of the agence d’evaluation de la recherche et de l’enseignement superieur (AERES - French research and higher education assessment agency). In addition, a wide disparity can be observed between disciplines. Different examples of strong policies in favor of OA are given: at the university level, as at Liege university, at the level of foundations, as at FRS-FNRS in Belgium, at the level of the Europe or at the legislative level, as attempted in the USA or Brazil or Argentina. In France the two roads are supported by interesting initiatives and these should be accompanied by strong French government policy to enable the benefits of open access to be rapidly reaped. Keywords Open access, repositories, self-archiving, open access publishing, green road, gold road, research policy, research assessment, mandate

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Le libre accès en France en 2012: Entre immobilisme et innovation │ O acesso livre na França em 2012: Entre imobilismo e inovação │ Open Acess in France in 2012