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Resume Les premieres archives ouvertes se sont developpees en France, en 2002 avec le logiciel E-Prints. Dans ce meme temps une archive centralisee, a vocation nationale (HAL)1 a ete mise en place par le CNRS. En 2006, la plupart des institutions de recherche francaise ont adhere au projet HAL et se sont engagees a participer au developpement de cette archive en signant un « protocole d’accord ». Presque au meme moment, en 2005, un organisme de recherche l’’Ifremer a mis en place une archive institutionnelle (Archimer)2 independamment de HAL. Nous avons compare le developpement de HAL et celui d’Archimer. Les resultats montrent que la politique de l’Ifremer permet de mettre en Libre Acces (LA) 80% la production « majeure » de l’organisme. HAL qui n’a pas ete accompagnee de mesures fortes ne met en LA qu’environ 10% de la production francaise. Les moyens mis par l’Ifremer (financement de postes dedies a l’autoarchivage) ne peuvent sans doute pas etre pris par toutes les institutions de recherche francaises mais celles-ci peuvent exiger que leurs chercheurs deposent eux-memes leurs documents dans une archive -les etudes d’Arthur Sale ayant montre que l’obligation de depot est l’element essentiel de la reussite d’une archive. L’Association des Universites Europeennes (UEA) qui a vu tout l’interet de cette obligation pour le chercheur et pour son organisme, soutient cette demarche. Cette obligation a deja ete adoptee par plusieurs institutions de recherche dans le monde (entre autres Harvard, Southampton, le CERN et un laboratoire du CNRS) tout comme 27 fondations qui subventionnent la recherche (parmi lesquelles les NIH, l’ECR et les RCUK). Le Libre Acces permet une meilleure utilisation de la recherche et augmente son impact. Les universites francaises et les organismes de recherche pour tirer profit de tous ces avantages, doivent maintenant obliger le depot de leur production. Mots-cles Libre Acces, LA, Auto-archivage, Politique de la recherche, Obligation d’autoarchiver, Production de la recherche Abstract In France, the first Institutional Repositories (IRs) were set up in 2002, using the EPrints software. At the same time, a centralized repository was organized by CNRS, a French multidisciplinary research institute, for the deposit of all French research output. In 2006, most of the French scientific and scholarly research organisations signed a “Protocol of Agreement” to collaborate in the development of this national archive, HAL. Independently, the Ifremer Research Institute launched its own IR (Archimer) in 2005. We have compared the development of HAL and Archimer. Our results show that Ifremer’s policy of self-archiving has resulted in 80% of its research output being made Open Access (OA). In the same time interval, HAL, lacking a self-archiving mandate, had only 10% of its target research output deposited. Ifremer’s specific implementation of its mandate (a staff dedicated to self-archiving) is probably not affordable for most French research institutions but its self-archiving mandate itself is, and Arthur Sale’s comparative studies in Australia have shown that the essential element is the mandate itself. The European Universities Association, mindful of the benefits of mandating OA, has recommended self-archiving mandates for its 791 universities. Self-archiving mandates have already been adopted by 22 universities and research institutions worldwide (including Harvard, Southampton, CERN, and one CNRS research laboratory) as well as 22 research funding agencies (including NIH, ERC, & RCUK). OA maximizes research usage and impact. It is time for each of the universities and research institutions of France to adopt their own OA selfarchiving mandates. Keywords Open Access, OA, Self-archiving, Research policy, OA Mandates, Research Productivity Resumo : Os primeiros arquivos abertos foram desenvolvidos na Franca em 2002 com o programa E-prints. Ao mesmo tempo, um arquivo centralizado nacional (HAL) foi criado pelo CNRS, instituto frances multidisciplinar de pesquisa cientifica, como repositorio de toda a producao cientifica francesa. Em 2006, a maioria das instituicoes de pesquisa francesas assinou um Protocolo de Acordo comprometendo-se a participar da iniciativa. Pouco antes, o Instituto Ifremer havia implementado um repositorio institucional (Archimer), independentemente do HAL. Neste estudo, comparou-se o desenvolvimento de HAL e do Archimer. Os resultados mostram que a politica de auto-arquivamento do Ifremer resultou no Acesso Livre de 80% de sua producao. No mesmo periodo, na ausencia de um sistema de auto-arquivamento, o HAL disponibilizou apenas 10% da producao francesa em Acesso Livre. Os meios implementados pelo Ifremer (com pessoal exclusivamente dedicado ao auto-arquivamento) certamente nao sao financeiramente accessiveis a maioria das instituicoes francesas de pesquisa, mas seu mandado de auto-arquivamento e, e os estudos de Arthur Sale mostram que esse mandado e o fator essencial do sucesso de um arquivo. A Associacao das Universidades Europeias, sabedora dos beneficios da obrigatoriedade do AL, recomendou mandados de auto-arquivamento a suas 791 universidades. Mandados de auto-arquivamento ja foram implementados por 22 universidades e institutos de pesquisa no mundo (incluindo Harvard, Southampton, CERN, e um laboratorio do CNRS), alem de 22 agencias de fomento (incluindo NIH, ERC e RCUK). Constata-se que o Acesso Livre maximiza o uso e o impacto de resultados de pesquisa. Ja e hora de as universidades e institutos franceses adotarem seus proprios mandados de auto-arquivamento. Palavras-chave Acesso Livre, AL, auto-arquivamento, politica de pesquisa, obrigacao de autoarquivamento, producao de pesquisa

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L’auto-archivage en France: deux exemples de politiques différentes et leurs résultats | Self-archiving in France: two examples of different policies and their results | Auto-arquivamento na França: dois exemplos de políticas diferentes e seus resultados