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Chambers 20th Century Dictionary defines exile as 'enforced or regretted absence from one's country or home [...] to expel from one's country, to banish'. The definition of the verb in particular implies force, even violent force. We tend to imagine violence and force as things that affect us externally: one is expelled and enters exile. But a coinage for example like 'Innere Emigration', often used to describe those writers who, although they did not see themselves as supporters of the Nazi regime, chose to stay in Hitler's Germany, suggests that violence need not operate in an immediately visible or tangible way. It also helps us to imagine the move into exile as a retreat inwards as well as (or instead of) an exit. Despite my example, I am not proposing to discuss here the issue of inner versus outbound emigration at the time of the Third Reich. Instead I shall be considering even less tangible problems of presence and absence, pertaining in this case to writers and three different but related spaces (which we might also regard as 'homes' in a social and linguistic sense): bodies, names, and language. I shall begin by explaining why I regard these as 'homes' but also as my title suggests as 'insecure spaces', and go on to ask whether the move into exile from such spaces which we find in women's writing is to be regarded as voluntary or enforced. I shall not be arguing that regretted absences or insecure spaces are problems exclusive or essential to women.

Regretted Absences and Insecure Spaces: Voluntary or Enforced Exile in German-Language Writing by Women