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This paper is concerned with a well known but little-studied document from the mid seventeenth century, often called The Mongol-Oirat Great Code of 1640, or simply Yeke Caaji, Great Code, in old Mongolian. Historically it marked one of the last political strategies of two divisions of the Mongol Empire, established by Chinggis Khaan in 1206, to remain free of external political authority. The introduction explores the geo-political context of the Great Code and posits that it was an important and innovative document that established the political sovereignty of multiple non-imperial states. The document is based on Mongolian and Buddhist ideological principles and was an effort to coordinate multiple polities in order to withstand the early imperial enterprise of the Manchus. A translation of the twenty-page Great Code, from Western Mongolian Clear Script is included as well as a Latin script transliteration of the original text.

Yeke Caaji, the Mongol-Oyirod Great Code of 1640: Innovation in Eurasian State Formation