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Air pollution occurs when toxic substances including biological molecules, particulates, and gases are introduced into the earth’s atmosphere. The majority of these pollutants emerge from the burning of fossil fuels (gasoline, natural gas, oil, coal) to produce electricity or power-related projects. Exposure to these pollutant emissions substantially triggers respiratory morbidity and mortality (1). They lead to several cardiovascular and chronic lung diseases including emphysema, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, lung cancer, and asthma (2-3). Certain neurotoxic ambient air pollution may also elevate the hazards of neonatal neurological disorders (4). Prolonged exposure to toxic emissions adversely affects labor productivity which may also restrict the overall economic growth of a country (5). Likewise other public health catastrophes, prior studies have also observed that environmental degradation instigated by air pollution is also linked with the high prevalence of Tuberculosis. Tuberculosis (TB) is an epidemic airborne respiratory disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, which is affecting almost 1.7 billion inhabitAbstract Background: Air pollution is one of the major threats to human health and well-being. This study aimed to explore the effect of renewable energy consumption and carbon dioxide emissions on tuberculosis (TB) incidences. It further investigates the moderating role of urbanization on the relationship between underlying factors and TB. Methods: The data of 183 countries over the period 2000 to 2014 were collected and a two-step system GMM technique was utilized to reduce the endogeneity issue. Additionally, we divided the sample into two sub-panels based on country risk for more robust estimates. Results: Carbon dioxide emissions increase the incidences of TB while renewable energy consumption could restrict these cases. On the other hand, urbanization is positively associated with TB in high-risk. System-GMM estimates also indicated that urbanization further strengthens the positive association between CO2 emissions and tuberculosis. Conclusion: Climate-friendly energy technologies, surveillance, and adequate city planning can act as effective mechanisms to improve public health.

The Influence of Air Pollution and Clean Energy on Tuberculosis: The Moderating Role of Urbanization