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In vivo spin spin relaxation time ( T  2 ) heterogeneity of hyperpolarized [ 13 C, 15 N 2 ]urea in the rat kidney was investigated. Selective quenching of the vascular hyperpolarized 13 C signal with a macromolecular relaxation agent revealed that a long- T  2 component of the [ 13 C, 15 N 2 ]urea signal originated from the renal extravascular space, thus allowing the vascular and renal filtrate contrast agent pools of the [ 13 C, 15 N 2 ]urea to be distinguished via multi-exponential analysis. The T  2 response to induced diuresis and antidiuresis was performed with two imaging agents: hyperpolarized [ 13 C, 15 N 2 ]urea and a control agent hyperpolarized bis-1,1-(hydroxymethyl)-1- 13 C-cyclopropane- 2 H 8 . Large T  2 increases in the inner-medullar and papilla were observed with the former agent and not the latter during antidiuresis. Therefore, [ 13 C, 15 N 2 ]urea relaxometry is sensitive to two steps of the renal urea handling process: glomerular filtration and the inner-medullary urea transporter (UT)-A1 and UT-A3 mediated urea concentrating process. Simple motion correction and subspace denoising algorithms are presented to aid in the multi exponential data analysis. Furthermore, a T  2 -edited, ultra long echo time sequence was developed for sub-2 mm 3 resolution 3D encoding of urea by exploiting relaxation differences in the vascular and filtrate pools.

Imaging Renal Urea Handling in Rats at Millimeter Resolution Using Hyperpolarized Magnetic Resonance Relaxometry