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CIGARETTE SMOKE, DNA DAMAGE AND REPAIR IN HUMAN CERVICAL AND VAGINAL CELLS IN VITRO AND EX VIVO Afsoon Moktar September 17, 2010 Among gynecological malignancies, carcinoma of the cervix is the leading cancer type worldwide. Conversely, vaginal tumors account for an incidence of approximately 1-2% of lower genital tract malignancies. Interestingly, the major shared risk factor among women with cervical and vaginal tumors is infection with cancer-associated human papillomaviruses (HPVs). In fact, HPV infection is the necessary causative factor in the development and progression of cervical and vaginal neoplasia in the majority of cases. Epidemiological studies support that cervical and vaginal pre-cancerous lesions that are initiated by HPV infection generally regress in the absence of known risk factors such as cigarette smoking. Further, female smokers have two times higher risk of developing cervical cancer from premalignant lesions than non-smokers, although the association between cigarette smoking and vaginal tumors has been controversial. Cigarette smoking exerts its cytogenetic effects in

Cigarette smoke, DNA damage and repair in human cervical and vaginal cells in vitro and ex vivo.