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'RAINBOW NATION' OR 'RAMBO NATION'?: A COMPARATIVE LITERARY ANALYSIS OF THEMATIC CHANGES IN PREAND POST-1994 BLACK TOWNSHIP NOVELS D. A. Gantt April 17, 2012 Through content analysis of Ezekiel Mphahlele's Down Second Avenue, Modikwe Dikobe's The Marabi Dance, Zakes Mda's The Madonna of Excelsior, and Niq Mhlongo's After Tears, this study compares the themes of preand post1994 South African township novels using a post-colonial theoretical framework to determine how the tradition of Black protest literature has changed since the formal ending of Apartheid in 1994. The study finds that the pre-1994 Black writing tradition of critiquing poverty, corruption, and sexism is continued by Black writers in the post-1994 era. Thus, the findings in this study reveal that South Africa's title of "Rainbow Nation," while projecting South Africa as racially progressive, neglects the other forms of oppression in the country that Black writers continue to discuss in their works. The Black South African novels of post1994 also refute the "Rambo Nation" title, with the authors refusing to romanticize the Apartheid struggle.

'Rainbow nation' or 'Rambo nation'? : a comparative literary analysis of thematic changes in pre- and post- 1994 Black township novels.