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vi List of Tables  x List of Figures xi Chapter 1: Introduction and Background  1 1.1 Secondary Palate Formation  1 1.2 Cleft Palate Birth Defects  5 1.3 The Swallowing Apparatus  9 1.4 Vitamin A Metabolism  12 Chapter 2: Matierials and Methods  16 2.1 Mouse Strains  16 2.2 Genetic Crosses and Conditional Rdh10 Inactivation by Tamoxifen Administration  18 2.3 Nuclear Fluorescent Imaging of Palate Tissues  19 2.4 Histology by Hematoxylin and Eosin Staining  19 2.5 Immunostaining of Paraffin Sectioned and Whole Mount Embryos  20

Defects in fetal mouth movement and pharyngeal patterning underlie cleft palate caused by retinoid deficiency.