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The anthropological studies of Ernesto De Martino stress that the experience of the precariousness of human life (rather than natural events and therefore stereotyped behaviors) offer reassuring models to follow by building the same tradition. The sociologist Emile Durkheim and the anthropologist Bronislaw Malinowski analyzed the social function of rituals for the cohesion of communities. Differently, the anthropologists Arnold Van Gennep and Meyer Fortes consider the social and cultural role of the myth that can extend to the religious sphere. Psychoanalysis investigates the presence of an unconscious ritual in human everyday activities. Obsessive-compulsive personalities create personal rituals; a typical case from ordinary life is to verify that we have closed the gas when we leave our house or that we closed the door. Very common is to walk without stepping on the lines. For the tennis player Nadal is essential to choose the balls or to knock the ball a certain number of times, to align the bottles, to touch parts of the body in a certain way or to clean the lines. Rituals express personal and social needs with a deep emotional involvement, without which they cease to exist. Rituals require different aesthetic components in different cultures and in different times; the rite must evolve to not lose its meaning. For example, in the religious sphere of Christianity, while for the Western Catholic community the organ sound is perceived as power and becomes a “divine” instrument, for the Eastern Christianity it is perceived as the mere sound of the organ and does not have any sacred sense.

Rituals: Philosophical Perspectives and Normative Aspects