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The article deals with the main events of the history of the Catholic Church in Russia and the Soviet-Vatican relations that unfolded in the 1920s and 1930s, as well as describes the current research areas of the Soviet-Vatican relations of the interwar period, in particular, the research presented during the international scientific conference “Russia and the Vatican in the international context during the period of the pontificate of Pius XI (1922—1939)” and the eponymous thematic issue of the Electronic scientific and educational journal “History”. Therefore, the article can act as an introduction to this thematic issue. The period under review in the history of the Soviet-Vatican relations has two distinct event dominants: a campaign to seize Church valuables of 1922—1923 and organized at the same time by the Soviet authorities the trial of the Catholic clergy, as well as the “prayers crusade” in defence of believers in the USSR, initiated by Pope Pius XI in 1930, and actions of Soviet power in response to that. However, considerable attention is drawn to the mechanism of formation of policy of the Vatican against the Soviet Russia and the activities of the Pontifical Commission “Pro Russia” and its head Michel D’Herbigny. The article also formulates the preliminary results of the study of the international policy of Vatican and the Soviet-Vatican relations in the 1920s — 1930s in the light of the sources discovered and published studies. The authors identify three areas in which historians of the Soviet-Vatican relations of the interwar period

USSR, Russian Catholics and Vatican on the Eve of the II World War: Main Events and Research Directions