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The behaviour of natural enemies (NEs) is not merely genetically determined, but is also influenced for a large part by previous experience. Just like Pavlov’s dog, natural enemies can internalize new information through associative learning. Through these associative learning mechanisms, NEs can be trained to respond more strongly and specifically to pest-induced volatiles of the crop, which can result in better pest control. This, in turn, can translate in an increased NE offspring production, thus providing longer-term effects. Considerable fundamental research has been performed on associative learning and memory formation in insects. However, until now most research on insect learning has been performed in the laboratory. The few existing semi-field studies conducted with parasitic wasps show strong effects of associative learning, with levels of parasitation increasing up to 9fold. More research is needed to identify how to best exploit the learning capability of NEs for the improvement of biocontrol.

Training natural enemies to enhance their biocontrol efficacy