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Massively dilatant faults (MDF) are ubiquitous structures at rift zones worldwide. They act as fluid pathways up to great depth, making them interesting for applications such as geothermal energy, groundwater or hydrocarbon exploration. While estimates were given in the past for the depth of open fractures based on basalt strength, the actual 3D geometry of these faults at depth is still unknown. Especially the transition zone between opening mode fractures at the surface and shear faults at depth is enigmatic. Is it a single sharp kink, or a thick complex zone of mixed opening and shear mode patches? Existing publications on hybrid failure suggest the latter; however, the presence of vertical cooling joints throughout the basalt layers would make a sharp kink possible as well. Since we cannot see down to several hundred meters depth, can we understand the subsurface structures from surface observations?

The surface structures of massively dilatant faults in Iceland and their implications on subsurface geometries