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This study investigates indigenous language ideologiesthat have emerged in the Monacan Indian Nation, a tribe of about2500 people located near the Blue Ridge Mountains in centralVirginia. It also presents, from a tribal member’s perspective, thehistory and ethnography of the people, whose ancestral language wasSiouan. That language was closely related to Tutelo, a languagedocumented by Horatio Hale that is no longer spoken. The studyinvolved interviews and observation at public Monacan-sponsoredcultural events and in private settings to investigate whethercultural particularities apply to the language ideologies that werediscovered. Of the three positions identified as separate languageideologies, one could be said to fit within Western frameworks ofassumptions, one is culturally specific, and the third fallssomewhere in between. The study uses a table presented in SusanGal’s (1979) model of language shift in Oberwart, Austria, todemonstrate the existence of the “language ghost” throughcategories of interlocutors that disappeared when the speakersshifted from their ancestral language to English. In cases ofindigenous language reclamation projects around the world, thecommunity’s level of commitment and participation have emerged asthe single most important factor necessary to achieve the project’sgoals, regardless of the group’s population or level of fluency.The study questions whether, at this point, a Monacan languagereclamation project would be likely to succeed, given the points ofdisjuncture (Meek 2010) evident in competing language ideologieswithin the community.

The Language Ghost: Linguistic Heritage and Collective Identity Among the Monacan Indians of Central Virginia.