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v LIST OF TABLES 1 CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION 2 The Socialization of Athletes in Contact Sports 3 Purpose of the Study 6 Research Question(s) 6 Importance of the Study 7 CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW 9 Social Learning & Social Identity Theories9 Violent Sports Attract Violent Athletes 13 Understanding the Culture of American Contact Sports 15 Socialization and Aggression 16 Normalization of Violence & Acceptance of Domestic Violence 17 CHAPTER III: METHODS 23 Participants 23 Measures 23 Demographics 23 Conformity to Masculine Norms 24 Athletic Identity 25 viii Procedures 27 Data Analysis 27 CHAPTER IV: RESULTS 29 CHAPTER V: DISCUSSION 36 Limitations 41 Delimitations 43 Suggestions for Future Research 44 REFERENCES 47 APPENDIX A 51 Demographic Questions 52 APPENDIX B 54 Conformity to Masculine Norms 46 and Athletic Identity 55 APPENDIX C 59 7-Item Version of Athletic Identity Measurement Scale (AIMS) 60 APPENDIX D 62 Consent Page for the Survey 63

Athletic Identity and Conformity to Masculinity Based on Different Types of Sports