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vi LIST OF TABLES  xi LIST OF FIGURES  xiii CHAPTER ONE: INTRODUCTION AND BACKGROUND 1 Background 2 The Human Gut Microbiota: Development and Function 2 Connections between the Human Gut Microbiota, Overall Health, and Mental Health8 Life History Theory 10 Hypotheses 11 Hypothesis 111 Hypothesis 212 Hypothesis 313 CHAPTER TWO: METHODS 14 Participants 14 Cultural Context 15 Measures 17 ix Independent Variables 17 Dependent Variables 20 Control Variables 25 Analysis29 CHAPTER THREE: RESULTS 32 Descriptive Statistics 32 Descriptive Statistics Table34 Overall Health Outcome – Hypothesis 1 37 Outcome 1A – Infections and Childhood Diseases 38 Outcome 1B – Allergy, Skin, and Joint Issues 40 Outcome 1C – Respiratory Issues 42 Outcome 1D – Digestive Issues 45 Reproduction Outcome – Hypothesis 2 48 Outcome 2A – Age of Menarche 48 Outcome 2B – Total number of offspring51 Mental Health Outcome – Hypothesis 3 54 Outcome 3A – Depression 55 CHAPTER FOUR: DISCUSSION 59 Overall Health Outcome – Hypothesis 1 59 Outcome 1A – Infections and Childhood Diseases 60 Outcome 1B – Allergies, Skin, and Joint Issues 63 Outcome 1C – Respiratory Issues 67

An Analysis of the Impact of Birthing Practices On Long-Term Health and Reproductive Outcomes from the 1970 British Cohort Study: Insights from Evolutionary Theory