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Reports of unusually intense ground motions in the very near fields of faults that have ruptured during earthquakes are becoming more common, particularly with the markedly increased worldwide strong-motion instrumentation in recent years (e.g., Heaton and Wald, 1994). The reported ground motions are sufficiently strong to have significant potential engineering impact (Hall et al., 1995). In addition to fault proximity, two other factors that have contributed to unusually high strong motions are rupture directivity (e.g., Somerville et al., 1997) and locations on the hanging walls of thrust faults (e.g., Nason, 1973; Abrahamson and Somerville, 1996; Brune, 1996a; Brune, 1996b). Perhaps nowhere has the sharp distinction between damage on the hanging wall and footwall of a thrust fault been more dramatically documented than during the 1945 Mikawa earthquake, Japan (Iida, 1985).

Evidence for Unusually Strong Near-field Ground Motion on the Hanging Wall of the San Fernando Fault during the 1971 Earthquake