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This article considers the level of infant mortality - one of the most important criterion of “demographic prosperity “in the state. Here is brief historical characterization of demographic processes since the end of 20th century till the present in Russia. Nowadays, the level of infant mortality in Russia much higher than in most European countries. Information about the factors that affect the level of infant mortality and which ones can be controlled will help to understand why infant mortality levels are so different in Russia, European countries and USA for example. First factor is direct causes of infant mortality, the second one is medical care system responsible for pregnant women and children. Today causes of neonatal mortality and ways of eliminating these causes are analyzed. Countries with low level of infant mortality have a successful three-tier model of perinatal care. Russia is also undergoing modernization care system for children and pregnant women and the transition to a three-tier system of assistance. The main objective of the three-tier system is the direction of women in high-risk groups in the establishment of the level that has the capacity to provide them with necessary assistance. Three-tier system in different regions of Russia have different features so we have various coefficients of infant mortality. Some regions have high rates; some ones have similar level to the European countries. Such differences lead to the conclusion that we need to develop regional patterns of medical care which will take into account the specificities of each region.

Possible ways of decline of infantile death rate are in the separate regions of Russian Federation