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From colonization to the current struggle of Native women authors, this article aims at pointing out the basis of most Native American nations and show how Native women, in the last decades of the 20 th century have been using literature to deconstruct the stereotypical image the colonizers have created of them and their people. Resumo: Desde a colonização até a atual luta das mulheres nativas, este artigo tem como objetivo apontar a base da maioria das nações nativo-americanas além de mostrar como mulheres nativas, nas últimas décadas do século XX, têm usado a literatura como uma forma de desconstruir a imagem estereotipada de si e seu povo que o colonizador criou. Even though most traditional History books do not comprise the time before the arrival of the Europeans to the northern part of the American continent, it is important to state that this area was not as “new” as the explorers claimed. In fact, “[t]he designation ‘New World’ is itself telling, for of course the world of North America was anything but ‘new’. Aboriginal peoples had inhabited the area for centuries before the first Europeans appeared off the coast of Newfoundland in search of rich fishing grounds” _ (SUGARS; MOSS, 2009a, p. 16). At the time when the Spanish intended to build their Empire in the “New World”, what is now the territory of Central America served as harbor to Columbus and his soldiers. This first documented contact, back in the fifteenth century, triggered magnificent exchanges of culture and of biological systems. Historians George B. Tindall and David E. Shi, in America (1989) affirmed it was “[...] an exchange of such magnitude and rapidity as humanity had never known before” (TINDALL; SHI, 1989, p. 6), new animals and plants, devices and food, medicine and language became part of the Europeans’ lives. However in this great exchange, illnesses were also brought to the “new land”: whole communities were devastated by minor diseases such as measles, and also major infections (which spread quickly) as smallpox and typhus contributed to the loss in some tribes of “90-95 percent of their population within the first century of European colonization” (TINDALL; SHI, 1989, p. 8). It was after the news of Columbus’ arrival in the “new land” that other professional explorers decided to take a chance at finding a way to get to the Orient. The first to lay eyes upon North America was John Cabot in 1497; this Venetian explorer was sponsored by the English king, but the British were much too worried about internal conflicts, so Cabot’s findings did not become a priority just then. After the Spanish had built their Empire in the “New World”, the whole land was Spanish (except for Brazil, under Portuguese rule) and this nation started to exploit the area and its natives. As time went by, England and France started to become serious threats to Spain since both countries were in want of riches and strongly affected by the Protestant Reformation. France posed the first threat by making their initial attempt at colonization: near the current territory of Québec, the explorer Jacques Cartier established a colony in 1542 which did not last long. Only after approximately half a 1 0 .1 7 7 7 1 /P U C R io .e sc ri ta .2 4 9 1 0

NATIVE AMERICAN WOMEN: BRINGING GENDER ISSUES INTO LITERATURE