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This article unveils female experiences of criminalization in the context of infanticide practices, which contradicted the romanticized idea of ​​“motherhood as a mission”. In the first five republican decades that we analyzed, rural women late terminated a pregnancy or eliminated the fruit of that pregnancy as their last desperate tactic in the face of poverty, dishonor or insanity or simply in the absence of the desire to become mothers. These “customary practices” threatened the ideal of morality that anchored the republican civilizing project in Brazil and, at the same time, exposed relations of female solidarity or moral condemnation of infanticide women. Just as the conception of childhood was historically constructed in Western societies, the myth of innate motherhood and condemnations for women who broke with this pattern became obstacles to “surveillance and punishment” in the lives of the poorest women. From a gender analysis perspective that considers women as subjects of their narratives, this work fulfills the provocative role of placing a historical taboo at the heart of the debate.

“O fructo de amores ilícitos”: infanticídios na contramão do mito do amor materno (alto Sertão da Bahia, 1890-1940)