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Among the species of Euonymus L. of the flora of Russia and adjacent territories, various scholars identify vicarious, endemic and relict species; their arguments and proofs are often incomplete and controversial. The present paper is dedicated to the critical analysis of all available data used for the substantiation of the status (category) of a given species. The authors employ both original and literature data on morphology, anatomy, chromosome numbers, DNA sequences, geography and ecology of species of Euonymus. The complex of morphological and anatomical traits of fruits instrumental for the existence of closely related species in different conditions is analyzed. Special focus is paid to the correlation between the size of geographical range, fruit and seed structure and dispersal type is discussed, as well as other factors (historical, ecological) affecting taxa migration. This determines the resolving capabilities of carpological approach developed by the authors. As a result of our research, we came to the following conclusions: E. europaeus, E. maackii, E. sieboldianus and E. bungeanus are georgraphic vicariants; E. hamiltonianus and E. sieboldianus are ecological vicariants; E. velutinus is not a vicarious species; E. verrucosus and E. pauciflorus are not vicarious; E. alatus and E. sacrosanctus are hereby considered ecological vicariants; E. nanus and E. koopmannii are geographic vicariants; E. leiophloeus are apparently not vicarious; E. latifolius, E. sachalinensis and E. maximowiczianus are hereby treated as geographic vicariants. E. leiophloeus appears to be a regional endemic; we consider E. maximowiczianus and E. velutinus to be subendemic species. Additionally, E. nanus is considered as relict taxon.

The problem of vicarious and other categories of species of Euonymus L. (Celastraceae) from Northern Eurasia: The carpological approach