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Complex agroforestry systems, which are tree-based systems with high species diversity and a complex structure similar to that of natural forests, are widespread in Indonesia. Most are mixed tree plantations managed by smallholders. They make a substantial contribution to rural livelihoods as a source of cash income and subsistence products. In this study, we investigated the characteristics of mixed tree gardens in the north of Seram Island, Maluku, Indonesia, and assessed their importance for the local community. We conducted participatory mapping and structured interviews to understand the articulation of mixed tree gardens with other land uses and to identify local farming practices. Twentytwo gardens were visited, in which 25 plots (each 20 m × 20 m) totaling 1 ha of gardens were established, and their structure and floristic composition characterized. Finally, free listing exercises and structured interviews were conducted to identify useful plant species. Five types of gardens characterized by a forest-like structure and a considerable number of wild tree species were identified. We inventoried 227 useful species and 23 different uses of plants. Establishing such agroforestry systems in a buffer zone that limits further access to the neighboring Manusela National Park may resolve conflicts between local communities and park authorities.

Local uses of tree species and contribution of mixed tree gardens to livelihoods in Saleman: Village near Manusela National Park, Seram Island, Maluku (Indonesia)