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Research Abstract South Asia provides evidence for introduced banana cul- tivars that are surprisingly early in the Indus Valley but late elsewhere in India. Although phytolith data are still limited, systematic samples from fourteen sites in six re- gions suggest an absence of bananas from most of Neo- lithic/Chalcolithic South Asia, but presence in part of the Indus valley. Evidence from textual sources and historical linguistics from South Asia and from China suggest the major diffusion of banana cultivars was in the later Iron Age or early historic period, c. 2000 years ago. Never- theless Harappan period phytolith evidence from Kot Diji, suggests some cultivation by the late third or early second millennium B.C., and the environmental context implies hybridization with Musa balbisiana Colla had already oc- curred. Evidence of wild banana seeds from an early Ho- locene site in Sri Lanka probably attests to traditions of utilisation of M. balbisiana, a plausible area for hybridiza- tion with cultivated Musa acuminata Colla bananas, per- haps already being moved by the later third millennium B.C. Hybridization here, and/or in the New Guinea area now seems more plausible than hybridization in northern Southeast Asia (from Burma through Eastern India) as Simmonds had hypothesized.

Banana Cultivation in South Asia and East Asia: A review of the evidence from archaeology and linguistics