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Gastrointestinal symptoms are a frequent but usually underreported constituent of the clinical spectrum of Parkinson’s disease (PD), and they contribute significantly to the disease-related morbidity and mortality. Virtually all parts of the gastrointestinal tract can be affected, even in the premotor stage. Weight loss, salivary excess, dysphagia, nausea/gastroparesis, constipation, and anorectal dysfunction can all occur. Gastrointestinal symptoms may result from the involvement of either the central or enteric nervous system in the disease process, or be a side effect of antiparkinsonian medications. Awareness of the various gastrointestinal manifestations of PD can facilitate the prompt recognition of and effective therapeutic intervention for these potentially distressing symptoms. J Korean Neurol Assoc 33(4):247-251, 2015

Gastrointestinal Dysfunctions in Parkinson’s Disease