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Farmer-pastoralist conflicts represent a significant challenge for rural communities and the Tanzanian government. The study objectives were to (i) determine existing forms of conflicts and (ii) identify drivers underlying resource use conflicts. The manuscript is based on a study that adopted a cross-sectional research design whereby data were collected from 373 randomly selected respondents from Kilosa and Kiteto districts, Tanzania, while primary data were collected through interviews, observations and focus group discussions, secondary data were gathered from government reports and newspapers. Quantitative data were analysed using the Statistical Package for the Social Science (SPSS) version 20.0. Descriptive statistical analysis was carried out for quantitative data. Factor analysis was used to extract component factors on drivers and forms of conflicts, whereas content analysis was used to analyse the qualitative data. Generally, study results show that there were three main forms of conflict namely farmers versus pastoralists over village boundaries; farmers versus pastoralists over livestock routes and farmers versus farmers over the land. In addition, four main drivers underlying resource use conflicts were identified namely crop damage by livestock; inefficiency of government officials in taking action to diffuse conflicts; excessively large herds of cattle and corruption. It is therefore recommended that pastoralists should be provided with essential services such as water in order to minimize movement of their livestock herds from their designated villages to other areas in search of water. This would, in the long run, minimise crop damage which has been a major source of conflict. In addition, proper land use planning is recommended to minimize resource use conflicts.

Forms and Drivers of Conflicts between Farmers and Pastoralists in Kilosa and Kiteto Districts, Tanzania