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Communication and participation immediately present themselves as a combination capable of developing mutual symbiosis and  reinforcement.  However,  it would  be  superficial  to  deduce  that  the  ease  of  communicating  through  social media  has solved the problem of participation. Instead, it is necessary to start from the awareness of the problems of this binomial in order  to  attempt  to  follow  virtuous  paths  and  avoid  blind  alleys.  The  paper  presents  the  research/action  carried  out  in several  civic  participation  experiences,  both  real  and  virtual,  promoted  by  NGOs  and  the  local  public  administrations  of several  Italian  cities  (Verona,  Messina,  Bolzano,  and  Rome).  The  results  highlight  the  opportunities  and  problems  of participation  through social media. Specifically,  those opportunities are:  (1)  the possibility of  involving a  larger number of people who could not participate without social media; (2) the sharing not only of the results of the participation but also the processes behind  the participation allows  for an active protagonism of  the people; and  (3)  the care of  the real and virtual places  of  participation  facilitates  the  active  involvement  of  people.  On  the  other  hand,  the  problems  are:  (1)  the  lack  of awareness  of  online media  space  generates  a  redundancy  in  communication;  (2)  the  difficulty  of  emerging  in  the  online public media space causes disaffection and disinterest; and (3) the scarce capability to be producers of online media content generates a fake participation.

Participation and Communication in the Time of Social Media: A Chimera or an Opportunity