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Thermodynamics is a branch of physics which deals with the energy flow into systems. There are two principal laws of thermodynamics which are described on separate slides. The first law of thermodynamics relates to the transfer of various forms of energy, as heat, electric, magnetic and chemical energies to produce mechanical work. This law is sometimes taken as the definition of internal energy, and introduces an additional state variable, enthalpy. The first law of thermodynamics allows for many possible states of a system to exist. But experience indicates that there is only one direction for natural processes to proceed. This leads to the second law of thermodynamics and the definition of another state variable called entropy. The second law stipulates that the total entropy of a system plus its environment cannot decrease; it can remain constant for a reversible process but must always increase for irreversible or natural processes. However, the limited number of authors is concerned by systems that involve the transfer of electric and magnetic energies in addition to the flow of heat in studying a general thermodynamic system. The submitted review follows an entropy approach that introduces clear definitions of the electric charge and magnetic flux to clarify ambiguities of the natures of such fluxes in literature. So, the first and second laws of thermodynamics are applied on thermo-electromagnetic processes that embrace the flow of mechanical, thermal, electric, and magnetic energies into systems that involve fluids or solids. Accordingly, it was possible to modify redundancies in the SI system of units. Following the entropy approach, it was possible to cast the Maxwell’s equations into an energy frame of reference to explain the discovered Tesla’s wireless power transmission as “Electrical Radiant Energy”, and the MIT discovery of wireless power transmission of the magnetic flux as “Evanescent Waves” and to clarify fuzziness of the duality confusion by specifying a unique property for the electron as a particle and a unique property for the light as a wave. Consequently, it was possible also to prove that the semiconductors efficiency responds mainly to the concentration of the incident solar energy, i.e. incident solar energy per unit area, and it is partially influenced by the wavelength.

Review of Thermodynamics of Systems that Embrace Transfer of Electric and Magnetic Energies