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The intra-formational seal capability was characterized by multi-layered shale baffles to act as the primary or ultimate cap system, were taken into account by homogeneous and heterogeneous models, respectively. In this study, the relevant ranges of input parameter of porosity (20%-35%) and permeability (0.0001-1,000 mD), respectively for the sandstone (storage layers) and shale (seals) have been selected, according to results of large amount of laboratory core, test from pilot 3,000 m drilling within Tai-Hsi Foreland Basin in Western Taiwan. By a comprehensive geological model, typical single well injected plume migration scenarios were stochastically simulated which covered a 20-year continuous injection (one Mt-CO2 per year) followed by a 1,000-year post-injection monitoring. The corresponding 2-D MHMD (maximum horizontal migration distances) of CO2 plume in the storage reservoir had been calculated with respect to heterogeneous reservoir models and their homogeneous counterparts. Moreover, the induced pressures at critical monitoring points above the injection zone were also evaluated. As a result, the shale baffles of intra-formational seal in a saline aquifers are proven to play a vital role, and capable of ensuring the safe carbon storage operation within a basin scale with a depth range about 2,100-2,500 mRT.

Geo-Risk of Cap Rock System Associated with Heterogeneous Rock Formation Consisted of Interlaying Sandstone and Shale