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Background Haemophilia treatment has improved life expectancy as well as lowered annual bleed rates and treatment burden for recent generations of people with haemophilia (PwH). However, PwH still face significant disease-related challenges on a day-to-day basis. Aims The aim of the present study was to explore the everyday life of PwH, including their beliefs and experiences related to their condition, their treatment, the challenges they face, and their ways of managing their condition. Materials and methods PwH were recruited through patient organisations in five European countries (Italy, Germany, Spain, UK and Ireland). Between 8–12 hours were spent with each person with haemophilia and/or their family, to follow them in their daily lives. Patient consultations with health care professionals (HCPs) were also observed when it was agreed in advance by both parties. In addition, HCPs were interviewed and haemophilia treatment centres (HTCs) were visited. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, written exercises, facilitated group dialogues, and on-site observations of the interactions of PwH with friends, family, and HCPs. Results Research was conducted with 42 people with haemophilia A and 9 people with haemophilia B, between 1.5 and 82 years of age. Interviews often included the wider social ecology of each PwH, including friends, family, and caregivers. In addition, 18 HCPs from seven HTCs were interviewed (on-site observation was carried out at six HTCs). The study found that despite treatment adherence and advances in treatment approaches, many PwH may be suboptimally protected and still experienced regular bleeds, pain and restrictions in their daily life. Moreover, many had built a narrative of normalcy around this way of living with haemophilia, and as such these issues are an expected and neglected reality of living with haemophilia today. Conclusions The results of this research indicate the need for more personalised and optimised treatment approaches which are better adapted to personal and life-stage specific challenges of PwH. Such an approach could help reduce challenges for PwH, their families, and the health care system, and further research into such approaches would be valuable.

“What more can we ask for?”: an ethnographic study of challenges and possibilities for people living with haemophilia