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Creep life is a limiting factor in the case of boiler tubes operating above the creep temperature and, for a given material, it is generally determined by the actual operating temperature and stress. Standard approaches to the calculation of a tube creep life mainly take into account the stress caused by pressure loading and the mean temperature in the tube wall. However, the estimation of the temperature and stress may be difficult for water-tube boilers because oxide scales tend to form on the inner surfaces of the tubes, exposed to steam and indirectly affecting the resulting creep life. As the scales increase the thermal resistance of a tube wall and, consequently, the wall temperature, the creep life is reduced. Moreover, the presence of oxide scales leads to a higher hydraulic resistance of a tube, which can cause further increase in the temperature in some tubes of the bundle if the oxide-scale growth rate is not uniform. Additionally, the elements increasing the creep strength may leach out of the surface should the scales be porous, thus inducing an even more pronounced decrease in the creep life. This paper investigates the effects of oxide scales on the creep life of boiler tubes in a cross flow. Thermal and stress conditions in the tubes are thoroughly investigated, using analytical as well as numerical approaches.

Influence of steam-side oxide scales on the creep life of a boiler superheater tube