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Melatonin plays key roles in a wide range of mammalian body functions, which are mediated by the melatonin-specific cell surface receptor (MTNR1A and MTNR1B). To better understand the role of MTNR in the yak (Bos grunniens), we determined the melatonin receptor mRNA expression level. The analysis showed that the MTNR mRNA expression level was higher in the pineal gland tissue than in the hypothalamus, pituitary gland, and ovary ( P < 0.01) during the breeding season. Immunofluorescence analyses showed that yak MTNR was located in the pinealocyte, synaptic ribbon, and synaptic spherules of the pineal gland and that melatonin interacts via nerve fibres. In the hypothalamus, MTNR was located in the magnocellular neurons and parvicellular neurons. MTNR was localized in acidophilic cells and basophilic cells in the pituitary gland. In the ovary, MTNR was present in the ovarian follicle, corpus luteum, and Leydig cells. The domestic yak (Bos grunniens) is a rare bovine species found at high altitudes in the Qinghai- Tibetan Plateau and adjacent regions. Yaks have unique biological and economic characteristics that make them resistant to cold. They have evolved a unique body structure and physiological adapta - tion mechanisms. The reproductive mechanism may be the most important requirement for yak survival in this situation. The yak breeding season runs from July to January in China. This period is perfectly synchronized with the long nights and short days between the summer solstice and winter solstice. The pineal gland is the only endocrine organ that can transform light into endocrine informa - tion (Binkley, 1993). Melatonin is a polypeptide hormone, which is synthesized primarily in the pineal gland. The day length is the main factor to initiate the yak breeding season each year via melatonin. Melatonin has an important role in the maturation of oocytes where the melatonin

Melatonin receptor (MTNR1A and MTNR2B) expression during the breeding season in the yak (Bos grunniens)