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495 It is hardly possible to reach a maximum seed yield without successful seedling establishment. The period of germination and seedling emergence prior to establishment is the most vulnerable stage in a crop’s life. Poor seedling emergence results in yield reductions. This may be due to poor soil water content (Forbes and Watson 1992), seed-soil contact (Stewart et al. 1999), inaccurate seed placement, low and high soil temperatures (Forbes and Watson 1992), soil insects or soil-born disease, soil compaction or smearing (Nasr and Selles 1995), surface crusting after sowing and poor quality

The effects of soil organic matter on seedling emergence in sunflower (Helianthus annuus L.)