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Zambia, approximately 10 km north of the provincial capital Solwezi and about 160 km west of Nchanga mine in the Central African Copperbelt (Broughton and Hitzman, 2002). The location of Kansanshi mine relative to other major copper deposits in the Copperbelt is indicated in Figure 1. Kansanshi mine uses conventional openpit mining methods to exploit copperand gold-bearing veins hosted in a structurallycontrolled mineral deposit. Mining is carried out in two areas of the deposit, the Northwest and Main pits. A third area of the deposit, called Southeast Dome, is currently not being exploited (Figure 2). Figure 3 illustrates an east-west crosssection of the Kansanshi mine grade control model through the Main Pit area of the deposit, created using assay and logging data to support geostatistical estimations of copper grade continuity. The model has been colourcoded based on total copper (TCu) grade ranges. The model also has mineralogical domains defined by ranges of oxidation intensity and associated mineralogy. The Kansanshi deposit comprises a series of complex mineralogical suites that were formed through the interaction of geological, weathering, and oxidation processes. Geophysical and geochemical processes resulted in the mineralization in the upper portion of the ore deposit being oxidized from a predominantly chalcopyrite, pyrrhotite, and pyrite assemblage to a suite of secondary copper sulphide minerals and primary copper oxide minerals, including bornite, digenite, chalcocite, malachite, tenorite, and chrysocolla. Where large subvertical fault structures cut across the deposit, these processes have affected the host rock and mineralization at much deeper levels. There is a high degree of variability in the composition of the mineral assemblages over short ranges, both laterally across the deposit and vertically within mineralized structures. The mine has a complex metallurgical processing plant which is designed to primarily recover copper from different ore types. In order to treat the different ore types, there are three main metallurgical processes, all of which are served by a dedicated crusher and set of mills. These metallurgical processes are (Beaumont, 2016):

journal of the southern african institute of mining and metallurgy/journal of the south african institute of mining and metallurgy

Application of geometallurgical modelling to mine planning in a copper-gold mining operation for improving ore quality and mineral processing efficiency